Personal history
PH1 Violence in family: Violence in the family environment is related to future violence and alienation (Douglas et al., 2013).
This can be comparable for violent extremism. In a study on right-wing extremists, childhood trauma and adolescent misconduct were precursors to the onset of violent extremism (Simi et al., 2016).
PH2 Problematic upbringing and/or placed in juvenile care: A problematic childrearing situation with neglectful parenting, absent fathers, mothers with physical diseases, large family and low educational level may correlate with violent extremism (Bazexa, et al., 2017).
PH3 Problems with school and work: There is strong negative relationship between labour force participation and the frequency of terrorist incidents (Cruz, D’Alessio, & Stolzenberg, 2018). There is a relationship between work and school-related problems and membership in terrorist groups, and also perpetration of terrorist attacks, especially in Arab countries (Desmarais et al., 2017).